Motorola's stock market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motorola's financial exchange - Essay Example In the year 2006 the Motorola Company was positioned number 54 from a past positioning at number 49, the positioning depended on income levels and the size of the organization, along these lines it is fitting to put resources into the organization because of the way that it is developing as far as income, benefits and profit to investors. 4 In 2005 the profit for each offer added up to 1.81 pounds, the rate change from the year 2004 was 182.8%, the all out rate comes back to financial specialists added up to 32.5% in the year 2005 and the yearly development rate in the profits add up to 3.8% from the year 2005.5 Throughout the years there has been an expansion in the degree of profits to financial specialists as directed by the above table, a 6.4% increment from the year 1995 to the year 2005. The complete comes back to financial specialists in 2005 added up to 32.5% and furthermore the development in the pace of come back from the year 1995 is a yearly pace of 3.8%.7 It would be in this way be productive to put resources into this offers which will yield comes back to a financial specialist, the development rate in the degree of profits means that the speculation made will yield more returns in an exceptionally brief period, proof can likewise be connected to the ascent in its positioning among different organizations, the Motorola compa

Non microsoft desktop operating system Research Paper

Non microsoft work area working framework - Research Paper Example The assortment incorporates Sun solaris, AIX, HP-UX with every single one of them making UNIX an example of overcoming adversity. This article depicts every one of the working framework dependent on their rise and the resulting improvements to make them huge to the clients. Presentation The utilization of UNIX among the PC proprietors has amazingly expanded in the course of the most recent 25 years. Its prominence emerged because of its commitment in the starting of the web and overall web. The vast majority of the individuals moved from the Microsoft working framework during this stage when UNIX framework related with propelling of the web and World Wide Web. This triggers the need to build up the utilization of the distinctive UNIX working framework despite the fact that they are not result of the well known Microsoft. There is a firm rivalry existing in the market because of the assortment of working programming existing in the market for the clients. The UNIX framework being a no n-Microsoft work area working frameworks have coordinated different classifications of its item so as to expand its utilization among the purchasers. Every one of the orders accessible for the UNIX framework can be found alongside the three significant sorts: Sun solaris, AIX and HP-UX. These three kinds of the working framework speak to the different alterations that have been made throughout the years. Kinds OF UNIX OS Hewlett-Packard HP-UX The development of Hewlett-Packard Unix in the market to a great extent depended on the System V discharge 3. A foundation of PA-RISC HP 9000 bolstered the full running of the item before the presentation of the Version 1. The year 2001 denoted an achievement for the framework following the presentation of the fortification of Itanium frameworks. Further, the HP-UX went about as the principal framework to permit the clients to join the Access Control List (ACLs). The Access Control List (ACLs) is helpful in overseeing document authorizations. T he joining of fortification for the Logical Volume Manager in the framework additionally made the HP-UX be an example of overcoming adversity. It speaks to the main item from the Unix Systems, which benefited decision for the clients to buy a particular kind of working condition. This is diverse to different frameworks, which offered the clients with general working conditions. The HP-UX likewise permits the clients to access to the record framework utilized by an outsider, in type of Veritas, in contrast to different frameworks. The framework additionally profits the clients with numerous decisions dependent on virtualization, for example, Vpars, asset allotments, and nPartitions (Ritchie, 2003). The clients can likewise run the framework on HP 9000s accordingly delineating the convenience. Further, the HP-UX can likewise run on Integrity Itanium frameworks. The framework is additionally ready to run on 128-processor centers with no disappointment. The properties of HP-UX, from its capacity to utilize Veritas to assortment of virtualization, make the item mainstream among the clients who might want to connect with a solid order line. The greater part of the OS clients additionally favor HP-UX due to the consideration of a menu base framework, which takes into consideration proficiency during use. Sun Solaris This is a working framework implied for the non-Microsoft work areas presented as the aftereffect of change to the SunOS. The change of the SunOS to the Sun Solaris emerged because of the need of getting rid of the BSD flavor. The BSD flavor was the significant part of Unix before the year 1992 followed by the SunOS forms 5.0. The Sun Solaris appeared after the rebranding of the Unix System V.

Inhalants: A Cheap, Easy and Deadly High Essay -- Inhalant Abuse

Several family items are being abused as inhalants. A portion of these items incorporate nail clean remover, hair splash, cleaning liquids, shower paint, and the fuel in airborne whipped cream (â€Å"Inhalantsâ€Å", 2010). Inhalants are breathable compound fumes that clients purposefully breathe in view of the chemical’s mind-adjusting impacts (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2010). The pattern in inhalant maltreatment is developing among the youthful network all through the nation. Overviews have appeared in 2008 2 million Americans of 12 or over detailed utilizing inhalants (NIDA, 2010). Little youngsters from the age of 12 to 17 are the essential age gathering of abusers (National Drug Intelligence Center [NDIC], 2001). The numbers mirror that it is getting progressively famous for youthful America to manhandle the different inhalants accessible to them without understanding the present moment and long haul impacts of the medication. Inhalants come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Every inhalant can be categorized as one of four general classes for the substances. Fluids that are disintegrated at room temperature whenever left in unlocked holders are viewed as unstable solvents. Gas, nail clean remover, felt-tip markers, and paste contain unpredictable solvents. Splashes that contain forces and solvents fall under the airborne classification. Paint, antiperspirant, cooking items, and silver and gold shower paint are natural mist concentrates. Substances that need distinct shape or volume, for example, refrigerants and clinical sedatives are gases. Nitrous oxide, otherwise called giggling gas, is manhandled more regularly than any gas. It very well may be gotten from whipped cream gadgets, items that help octane levels in dashing vehicles, inflatables, or little fixed vials called whippets. Gases found in butane lighters, air c... ...alize that manhandling inhalants causes genuine impacts. Not exclusively does an individual encounter the transient impacts that draw in them to the medication yet additionally experience the drawn out impacts that can leave a basic blemish on a person’s wellbeing. Abusers of inhalants should be taught that what is believed to be a fantastic high is really a lethal high. References Inhalants. (2010). Web. 30 Mar. 2015. http://www.drugfree.org/entry/drug_guide/inhalants Missouri Department of Mental Health. (n.d.). Inhalants. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. http://www.well.com/client/woa/fsinhale.htm National Drug Intelligence Center. (2001). Insight Brief: Huffing The Abuse of Inhalants. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs07/708/index.htm National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2010). Inhalants. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages/inhalants.html

Summary of Human Resource Management Free Essays

It is significant that human research the board to change from being principally managerial and operational to vital accomplice. The explanation is it significant is on the grounds that the human asset office assumes a critical job in deciding the way of life of an association. HR advance and actualize arrangements and methods. We will compose a custom article test on Synopsis of Human Resource Management or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The key zones are recruiting rehearses, pay, the executives relations and representative direct and conduct. The choices made by the HR office will impact an association in a positive or negative manner. The zones that will feel the effect or difficulties will make mindfulness, remuneration plans, recruiting practices and conduct. â€Å"The job of the Human Resource Manager is advancing with the change in serious market condition and the acknowledgment that Human Resource Management must assume an increasingly key job in the accomplishment of an association. Associations that don't put their accentuation on pulling in and holding gifts may wind up in desperate outcomes, as their rivals might be outflanking them in the key work of their human resources†. The HR division can give the advantage of demonstrating the board what the way of life is truly similar to. What is uncovered may prompt positive changes in the association culture, it could likewise lead benefits that the employee’s need. The human asset office can likewise assist the executives with choosing if there is a requirement for change or wipe out projects that are redundant. The human asset leave is essential with regards to remuneration since it is obligation regarding the plan or format programs for the association. A great deal relies upon how well the human asset office carries out their responsibility, for example, the positive and negative effect on authoritative culture. It is instrument that the HR office makes an arrangement with a motivator program for workers, which could inspire the representatives and increment profitability. In the event that efficiency is up, at that point I accept they are going the correct way. The human asset office likewise decides the employing and enrolling rehearses utilized by the association, which greatly affects the authoritative culture. The connections between an effective business and Human Resource Management must be consolidated into an associations plans and procedures to have the option to keep up life span of achievement. The historical backdrop of the improvement of human asset the board can be followed back to the mid 1900s. Human asset manager’s unique capacity was to fundamentally deal with the connection among organizations and worker's guilds. Galbraith and Nathanson built up a model for the human asset the executives work that partitioned the human asset the executives work into four fundamental sub capacities. The human asset the board work was separated into seven sections. Human asset the board are seen as a basic piece of an association, likewise observed as an important to manage worker's guilds. Human Resource Management centers around making sure about, keeping up, and utilizing a viable work power, which associations can endeavor. Human Resource Management includes a variety of exercises, which incorporate enrollment, and screening workers, getting ready preparing needs, dissect human asset estimates, pay frameworks, and a comprehension of the laws. The Human Resource Management work has developed altogether since the mid 1900. The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) was experiencing a reestablishment period. With recharging and change, it is basic for the human asset the board capacity to embrace a vital job so as to help and empower CSC ‘s business drivers. CSC is in the individuals business, and individuals and positive connections contain our most significant resource; this is fundamental for satisfying our open wellbeing order. Each individual at CSC has a task to carry out in assisting with accomplishing the outcomes set out in this Plan. CSC ‘s directors have shared responsibility for these outcomes. The Assistant Commissioner Human Resource Management is responsible for setting the establishment and individuals benefits that will empower supervisors to meet their business objectives proficiently and successfully. The Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners, and directors and manager inside their locale or segment, are responsible for the usage of good human asset the executives to give a sound work environment and guarantee a beneficial and imaginative workforce, and empowering learning and improvement. Representatives are liable for being an accomplice to make a sound working environment, beneficial and creative workforce, and for their learning and improvement. Provincial help for the Plan will be accepted fundamentally by the Assistant Agent Commissioners of Corporate Services. [Full depiction of figure: CSC’s Program Activity Architecture] This Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management covers the time of 2009-2010 to 2011-2012. The Plan coordinates CSC’s business lines as found in the Program Activity Architecture and as sketched out in the CSC Report on Plans and Priorities (RPP). In December 2007, in the wake of finishing a top to bottom audit of the government restorative framework, an Independent Review Panel conveyed its report, A Roadmap to Strengthening Public Safety. The human asset the executives needs are lined up with the Review Panel’s perceptions and suggestions. The CSC Review Panel embraced CSC ‘s Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management for 2007-2008 to 2010-2011. The Review Panel built up a lot of proposals to react to issues that came out of conversations with bleeding edge staff and to the basic issues CSC must deliver so as to promote the vital needs laid out in the Plan. The accompanying graph gives an outline of the Panel’s suggestions. These proposals are incorporated all through this arrangement. Full depiction of figure: Human Resource Management] In supporting the past Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management , the Panel expressed that â€Å"CSC ‘s needs in issues identified with human asset the board must guarantee that practices are strong and viable to permit the association to convey on its key operational needs and different exercises in a financially savvy way, and this is done in a way that is steady with open assistance esteems that are fundamental to a solid working environment and to the certainty and trust of Canadians. † 2 This announcement is as obvious today as it was at that point, and keeping i n mind that the past 2007 CSC Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management accomplished various achievements and carried possession and responsibility to CSC pioneers by setting significant HR issues on the organization’s motivation, there is still a lot of work to be finished. This Plan expands on the aftereffects of the activities set forth in the past arrangement and keeps on expanding on those significant accomplishments to additionally bolster the association in meeting its developing business needs and the Government’s by and large open wellbeing motivation. Territorial and Sector exercises in the zone of human asset the executives and administrations stream from this Strategic Plan. Incorporated into the establishment of administrations gave by human asset experts in all areas and at national home office on the side of CSC exercises, are plans and measures identified with CSC needs. Of significance in the medium and longer term is producing connections and drawing in our accomplices to keep on expanding on the present establishment of human asset the board, and putting resources into our kin through a few key exercises illustrated under these three needs. These needs and key exercises, including Public Service Renewal, will achieve upgrades in human asset the board on the side of CSC’s change and business goals. The association that I might want to talk about is really the United States Air Force. As the Career Assistance Advisor, I work with the employing authorities and putting the correct people with the correct activity. There is a procedure that the Human Resource office needs to follow and it is basic that they hit the nail on the head. Every year the military need people in specific places that meet certain models fill employments. The HR division at Randolph Air Force base needs to work intimately with associations or units to take care of their keeping an eye on needs so as to help their central goal. There is an examination of keeping an eye on accomplished for each profession field to decide whether a position should be filled, when that is decide, HR office matches individuals with the area and occupation. Additionally, every year the Air Force verifies that some profession fields are over kept an eye on and some are short kept an eye on. This circumstance makes a requirement for recruiting for the short kept an eye on vocation field to meet the Air Force maintenance objectives. The HR office works with units to fill uncommon obligation, standard and incessant basic occupations. The HR division discovers the necessities and prerequisites for the situations from the units. At that point the HR division makes the commercial and screens the candidates that apply to guarantee that they settle on the correct choice dependent on the necessities and prerequisites. The HR division must guarantee that the candidates meet the necessities, since when they do enlist the person, there is a ton that follows. The principal thing to follow in getting the individual prepared which may require specialized school. The following stage is getting the part to the new position area, which both cost the administration cash to do. The HR office that I manage every day makes an exhaustive showing of guaranteeing that the individual is even qualified, before they go any further simultaneously, so by doing so spare the administration time, cash and assets. The HR office is the way to keeping the Air Force appropriately kept an eye on and prepared at

Comparison between smokers and non-smokers Essay

Smokers and non-smokers have numerous distinctions, and not many similitudes. I am one of those individuals who have been dependent upon compulsion and got into the propensity for smoking despite the fact that I do understand that us smokers are looked downward on by numerous individuals. Numerous cafés and open spots have become non-smoking, which keeps smokers from going certain spots. The vast majority who smoke understand the unsafe effects, however compulsion is too solid to even think about overcoming that more often than not. For me I don’t think it’s as much the fixation, however how cigarettes assist me with unwinding and mitigate pressure. One of the fundamental reasons non-smokers look down on smokers is on the grounds that the greater part of them understand the unsafe effects, yet keep on smoking since they are dependent. Individuals who smoke will in general spend a ton of cash on cigarettes that they could be spending on something that is more essential than cigarettes. Individuals who smoke by and large have a yellowish tint on their fingernails and teeth from the tar in the cigarettes. Terrible breath is likewise a typical quality to individuals who smoke, which would benefit from outside intervention by breath mints or gum, yet the vast majority who smoke don’t heft those things around with them. Numerous individuals who smoke might want to very smoking to forestall certain future medical issues, yet can’t on the grounds that they are dependent. Non-smokers, be that as it may, don't comprehend us smokers since they have never experienced compulsion for themselves. Non-smokers don't need to squander their cash on cigarettes since they don't smoke. Non-smokers don't need to stress over recolored fingernails or teeth either, which encourages them have a to some degree cleaner appearance. They could, be that as it may, have terrible breath relying upon what sort of food they eat and how regularly they brush their teeth. When all is said in done non-smokers are more advantageous in light of the fact that they don't have that tar stopping up their lungs.

MPH 16 Bartosz Garbaczewski, MIA 16 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A view from the class Stephanie Martinez, MIA/MPH ’16 Bartosz Garbaczewski, MIA ’16 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This weeks  SIPA student profile features two bright individuals. The first, is about a dual-degree student who worked with the Peace Corps as a community health volunteer in Cameroon. The second, was recently awarded the China Trek Research Grant to work on a solar project in a rural area of China.   Stephanie Martinez, MIA/MPH ’16, is a dual-degree student at SIPA and the Mailman School of Public Health. At SIPA, Stephanie is concentrating in economic and political development with a specialization in gender and public policy. Fueled by her experiences living and working in rural Cameroon, Stephanie is dedicated to using her graduate education at Columbia to launch a career in global maternal and reproductive health rights advocacy and programming. Stephanie graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2011 with a B.A. in both international development studies and Spanish. She then began her service as a Peace Corps community health volunteer in Cameroon. Over the course of her two years of service, Stephanie worked with local counterparts in assessing and creating programs to address the community’s greatest health challenges. Her work focused on family planning and reproductive health education for men, women, and students. Stephanie’s experiences in Camer oon cemented her resolve to work to empower women globally through health access and to promote sustainable maternal health services. In her free time, Stephanie loves to blog, tap dance, and find new cafes in the city. Bartosz Garbaczewski, MIA ’16, is from Rzeszow, Poland is focusing his studies in global energy management and policy with a specialization in advanced policy and economic analysis. Bartosz’s choice of the degree is based on his belief that the energy sector is an excellent catalyst for positive change - be it by providing energy accessibility to those deprived of it, minimizing impacts on natural environments, promoting responsible use of hydrocarbon resources, or helping to alleviate geopolitical crisis. Upon graduating with a degree in international economics from Nottingham University in England, Bartosz joined a Finance Graduate Development Program at Royal Dutch Shell, where he worked in Europe and in the Middle East. In the past, he also served as an economist intern to the UK’s Government Economic Service at the Department for Work and Pensions. In his first semester at SIPA, Bartosz became a member of the SIPA Energy Association, Consulting Club, and Finance Society. M ost recently, he obtained the China Trek Research Grant from SIPA and looks forward to working on a solar project in the Western rural regions of China. Bartosz looks forward to interning across the public and private energy sector this summer to further develop his skills as an energy professional. We look forward to Stephanies and Bartosz’s next year at SIPA!

A Case Study of SMEs in Shaanxi City, China - 275 Words

A Case Study of SMEs in Shaanxi City, China (Essay Sample) Content: Barriers for SMEs to Access Finance in China: A Case Study of SMEs in Shaanxi City, ChinaDeclarationIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬..hereby declare that this piece of work is my original work and has never been presented in any institution of learning institution.AbstractThis study primarily sought to explore the qualitative relationship between Chinese SMEs and banks or other financial institutions in terms to access to finance, with a focus on barriers. A case study of SMEs in Shaanxi was used, and a survey involving 87 managers and owners of SMEs undertaken to address the research questions. Consistent with several past studies, this study establish that bank loans remain unpopular source of finance among the SMEs, with majority resorting to finances from their personal savings and loans and grants from families and friends. This state of affairs is attributed to a number of issues and barriers associated with banks loans, including high costs of access, institutional and procedural bureaucracies and unwillingness on part of banks to negotiate on rates. The situation is unlikely to change fundamentally in the near future, due to information asymmetry which prompts loan rationing among others. The study recommends various policy measures that may be adopted to address the issue.Key words: SMEs, bank loan, Shaanxi, access to financeDedication[Mention people you wish to dedicate the work to ]AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to a number of individuals without whom my dream to obtain a [level of the degree eg. Bachelors , masters ,doctoral] degree would have been extremely difficult.I would like to acknowledge my awesome dissertation committee members, [Names] for their professionalism, advice, and support, particular ly throughout the dissertation process.Sincere thanks also to my wonderful and [Friends and relatives]I am eternally grateful to you all and will never be able to repay you for all you have done to help me make my commitment a reality.Table of ContentsTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Declaration PAGEREF _Toc397581923 \h iiAbstract PAGEREF _Toc397581924 \h iiiDedication PAGEREF _Toc397581925 \h ivAcknowledgments PAGEREF _Toc397581926 \h v1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc397581927 \h 1Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc397581928 \h 1Aim and Objectives of the Study PAGEREF _Toc397581929 \h 2Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc397581930 \h 2Justification and contributions of the Study PAGEREF _Toc397581931 \h 3Dissertation Structure PAGEREF _Toc397581932 \h 3Development of SME in China PAGEREF _Toc397581933 \h 4Sources of Finance for SME PAGEREF _Toc397581934 \h 5Factors Influencing SMEs to Access Finances PAGEREF _Toc397581935 \h 7Structure of the Chinese Financial System PAGEREF _Toc397581936 \h 9Current SME Financing Policies in China PAGEREF _Toc397581937 \h 10Financial Policies in Other Nations PAGEREF _Toc397581938 \h 12Relationship between Chinese SME and Financial Institutions PAGEREF _Toc397581939 \h 14Barriers to Access of Funds by SME PAGEREF _Toc397581940 \h 15Lack of appropriate collateral to banks PAGEREF _Toc397581941 \h 15Poor Credit Ratings Assessment PAGEREF _Toc397581942 \h 16Lack of Transparency in Accounting and Auditing PAGEREF _Toc397581943 \h 16Economies of Scale PAGEREF _Toc397581944 \h 16Political Risks PAGEREF _Toc397581945 \h 17Investment and Tax Policies PAGEREF _Toc397581946 \h 17Summary of the Chapter PAGEREF _Toc397581947 \h 17Chapter 3: Methodology PAGEREF _Toc397581948 \h 19Epistemological Approach PAGEREF _Toc397581949 \h 19Research Design PAGEREF _Toc397581950 \h 19Research Strategies PAGEREF _Toc397581951 \h 19Sample and Sample Size PAGEREF _Toc397581952 \h 20Inclusion Criteria PAGEREF _Toc397581953 \h 20Data Collection Methods PAGEREF _Toc397581954 \ h 21Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc397581955 \h 22Validity and Reliability PAGEREF _Toc397581956 \h 22Ethical Considerations PAGEREF _Toc397581957 \h 23Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis PAGEREF _Toc397581958 \h 25The overall condition of SMEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ease of access to finance PAGEREF _Toc397581959 \h 25Duration taken to access credit facilities PAGEREF _Toc397581960 \h 28Opening a bank account PAGEREF _Toc397581961 \h 28Enterprise age and access to finance PAGEREF _Toc397581962 \h 30Sources of Finance PAGEREF _Toc397581963 \h 34Issues and Barriers PAGEREF _Toc397581964 \h 36General difficulty in accessing finances PAGEREF _Toc397581965 \h 36Impact PAGEREF _Toc397581966 \h 41How Chinese SMEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ access to finance PAGEREF _Toc397581967 \h 43Chapter Summary PAGEREF _Toc397581968 \h 44Chapter 5: Discussions PAGEREF _Toc397581969 \h 45Access to Finance PAGEREF _Toc397581970 \h 46Accounting for the Issues and Barriers PAGEREF _Toc397581971 \h 48Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendatio ns PAGEREF _Toc397581972 \h 51Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc397581973 \h 52Limitations and Implications for Future Research PAGEREF _Toc397581974 \h 54References PAGEREF _Toc397581975 \h 55Appendix 1 PAGEREF _Toc397581976 \h 59Questionnaire PAGEREF _Toc397581977 \h 59List of tables TOC \h \z \c "Table"Table 1: Frequency distribution on perceived ease of access PAGEREF _Toc397581978 \h 26Table 2: Statistics Perceived ease of access to bank finance PAGEREF _Toc397581979 \h 27Table 3: Frequency table-Business life span before opening a bank account PAGEREF _Toc397581980 \h 28Table 4: Frequency table- Enterprise age and access to finance PAGEREF _Toc397581981 \h 30Table 5: Statistics: Duration taken to open a bank account and to obtain loans PAGEREF _Toc397581982 \h 32Table 6: Major sources of finance PAGEREF _Toc397581983 \h 34Table 7: Key barriers /issues to accessing finances PAGEREF _Toc397581984 \h 37Table 8: Impact of difficulty in accessing bank finances PAGEREF _Toc397581985 \h 41Table 9: Measures to improve access to bank and financial institutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ loans PAGEREF _Toc397581986 \h 43Table of FiguresTOC \h \z \c "Figure" Figure 1: The participants in the study, by their tittles PAGEREF _Toc397582010 \h 25Figure 2: Perceived ease of access PAGEREF _Toc397582011 \h 26Figure 3: Business life span before opening an account PAGEREF _Toc397582012 \h 29Figure 4 Enterprise age and access to finance PAGEREF _Toc397582013 \h 31Figure 5: Major sources of finance PAGEREF _Toc397582014 \h 35Figure 6: General difficulty in accessing finances PAGEREF _Toc397582015 \h 36Figure 7: Difficulty in accessing finances from bank or other financial institutions finances PAGEREF _Toc397582016 \h 37Figure 8: Key barriers to SMs financing PAGEREF _Toc397582017 \h 39Figure 9: Impact of difficulty in accessing bank finances PAGEREF _Toc397582018 \h 421.0 IntroductionAccess to finance has been shown to be a major challenge to SMEs across the globe and China in particular (Cho ng Ongena, 2013; Dollar et al., 2000; Kostka et al., 2013; Li, 2011). The SMEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ difficulty in accessing finance among the Chinese SMEs is well captured in a study by Hussain, Millman and Matlay (2006), which brings out the contrast between UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s SMEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s financing, and the Chinese SME financing. Though in both countries the SMEs have considerable difficulties getting start-up capital from financing institutions. In the UK, this difficulty is short lived among well performing SMEs because after five years of uninterrupted growth they easily access finances from financing institution. However, in China, the problem appears prolonged and indefinite as SMEs mainly depend on the immediate family for financing and to a limited extent financial institution, even for those that have been in continuous business for long. Given crucial role played by SMEs in providing economic productivity of the country and well being of the people supported by income generate d from SMEs, it is crucial to investigate into details factors accounting for such barriers, and explore the most viable way forward.Problem StatementAs aptly captured by the capital structure theories, firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ developmental needs to financial structure. One of the most influential models is Berger and Udellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s (2006)Âfinancial growth cycleÂwhich asserts that financial needs of an organization change overtime as its size and age of operations increase. At a young age and small size, firms may survive on entrepreneurs personal sources. However, as it grows and become older, it needs access to larger funds such as debt market and personal equities (Berger Black, 2011). Despite being crucial for their expansion, access to finance remains a serious difficulty for SMEs in many countries (Dollar et al., 2000). In their study of SMEs access to finance in Tanzania, Woldie, Mwita and Saidimu (2012) note that access to microfinance facilities has been severely ina dequate due to lack of collaterals, limited skills to develop and manage bankable projects as well as high transaction costs. These constrains, they argue could be limited by having applicants take micro-insurance as collateral and stream lining accessibility.The situation in China is no different, as various studies indicate that SMEs in China face serious financial constraints, and that this is the major barrier to their growth and innovation (Chong Ongena, 2013; Kostka et al., 2013). Studies also indicate that the Chinese SMEs have limited access to financial resource, as compared to oth...