Effect of Radiofrequency of GSM Phones on the Brain

Effect of Radiofrequency of GSM Phones on the Brain CHAPTER ONE 1.0  INTRODUCTION There has been growing concern about the possible adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency radiations (RFR), such as those from mobile communication devices. This radiation belongs to the type called non-ionizing radiation the health hazard of which remains debatable (Ayeni et al., 2011). The possible risks of microwaves for the human body has attracted interest since the 1960s (i.e., before the arrival of mobile phones), when radar and microwave ovens posed a possible health problem ( Salford et al., 2003). ( Oscar and Hawkins, 1977) performed early studies on effects of RF EMFs on the blood-brain barrier. They demonstrated that at very low energy levels (less than 10 W/m2),the fields in a restricted exposure window caused a significant leakage of 14C-mannitol, inulin, and also dextran (same molecular weight as albumin) from the capillaries into the surrounding cerebellar brain tissue. A recent in vitro study has shown that EMF at 1.8GHz increase the permeabi lity of the blood-brain barrier to sucrose (Schirmacher et at. 2000). Shivers and colleagues (Shivers et al., 1987 and Prato et al.,1990) examined the effect of magnetic resonance imaging upon the rat brain. They showed that the combined exposure to RF EMFs and pulsed and static magnetic Fields gave rise to a significant pinocytotic transport of albumin from the capillaries into the brain. (Hassel et al., 1994) have shown that autologous albumin injected into the brain tissue of rats leads to damage to neurons at the injection site when the concentration of albumin in the injected solution is at least 25% of that in blood. The voluntary exposure of the brain to microwaves from hand-held mobile phones by one-fourth of the worlds population has been called the largest human biologic experiment ever (Salford et al., 2001). When using mobile phone, electromagnetic wave is transferred to the body which causes health problems especially at the place near ear skull region where they are kn own to affect the neurones. The possible risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) for the human body is a growing concern for our society (Hyland 2000). Most researchers in the field have dwelled on the question of whether RF EMFs may induce or promote cancer growth. Although some have indicated increased risk (Hardell et al., 2002 and Repacholi et al. 1997), most studies, including our own, have shown no effects (Salford et al. 1997a) or even a decreased risk (Adey et al., 1999). The study of (Schà ¶rnborn et al., 1998) showed that the adult human head absorbs 80% of the radiation emitted by a cellular telephone. The extensive use of cellular communication devices is accompanied by public concerns about possible harmful effects on human health as a result of exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation from these devices(Purushothaman et al., 2013). Thermal biological effects of microwave radiation have been investigated both from the experimental and numerical view points(Elwasife 2012). Damaged neurons, as revealed by cresyl violet staining, were found amongst normal neurons in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia., with a maximum incidence around 2%, but in some restricted areas, dominated the picture. Heating and heat exchange have been viewed as measures of essential processes in the brain and other living tissues, and intrinsic thermal energy has been seen as setting an immutable threshold for external stimulation ([Adair, 1994]). 1.1`Background of the study During recent years, GSM mobile phones (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications), the most powerful RF transmitters in our everyday environment, have become widely and increasingly used by the public and to date there is no clear evidence about their possible biological effects(Panagopoulos et al, 2004). A number of recent developments have resulted in renewed interest in and concern among scientists and the general public about the biological effects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation exposure (Cleary 1977). All life on earth is bathed in a sea of natural low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields from conception to death (Adey 2007). In recent times, many people have expressed an interest in learning if the use of cell phones is associated with cancer. Many have heard or read about possible links between cell phones and cancer, but conclusions are rarely definitive ( Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). It is known that the numbers of people that are using mobile phone in the wo rld are increasing daily (As of November 2011, there were more than 6 billion subscriptions worldwide). Thus it is very important for us to look into the possible danger that may be involved in the usage of phone, since it is a device that receive and send signal (information) using antenna by generating and receiving radio frequency wave. And it is known that radio wave is a form of electromagnetic wave (RIVUX G), which of cause have some danger to human body. Further, the human head is one of the most sensitive organs for EM radiation (Purushothaman et al., 2013). A common concern today, since more and more people are using cell phones than ever before, is that cell phone antennas radiate near a person’s head (Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation has been reported to produce a number of biological effects on biomolecules, cells, and whole organisms, including changes in intracellular ionic concentrations, the synthesis rate of differe nt biomolecules, cell proliferation rates, the reproductive capacity of animals, etc (Panagopoulos et al, 2004). Thus the GSM have to be look into to know it effect on the brain. The phone manufacturers have silence on the danger that GSM can cause on the brain but never the less we have to look into the radiation produce from the GSM and known whether it cause any adverse effect on brain. 1.2  Problem statement Radio Frequency (RF) engineers are faced many times with the following two questions: â€Å"What are the effects of radio waves on human health?† and, more specifically, â€Å"What health risks are associated with the use of cell phones, mobile radios, microwave radios, microwave ovens, broadcast radio and television transmitters, power lines and X-rays?( Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). The obvious problem encountered in the establishment of causal relationships for low intensity microwave-induced alterations in biological systems is the lack of physical interaction mechanisms to explain such phenomena (Cleary, 1977). In this mode of operation, a mobile phone may be regarded as a quite powerful radio transmitter. Its emission at the head surface is typically 10,000 times stronger than fields reaching the head of a user standing within 30 m of the base of a typical mobile phone relay transponder mounted on a tower 30m above ground (Adey 2007). Many people in Nigeria does not kno w the danger the GSM can make them to be expose to by just using it. As many that use the phone have complain of headache, loss of memory, weakness and so on. But they still could not understand the possible causes of these disorderliness in their head, thus there is need for us to look into the study matter and see if the GSM have any possible cause to their problem. Studies of the behavioral effects of low intensity microwave and radiofrequency radiation have produced what appear to be rather contradictory or  inconsistent results. (Cleargy, 1977). 1.3  Justification of the study This study will make the people know the danger that GSM phone can cause in their brain and help them know the symptoms of the effect. Public concern has been aroused by the news media in which attention has been drawn to a number of international incidents involving intentional exposure of humans to microwave fields (Brodeur, 1976). So that people will not be blind folded and just base their mind on the positive effects the GSM has, and not considering the adverse effect it can cause to human brain. Although some group like the international commission on non ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) and mobile manufacturer forum (MMF) that manufacturers mobile equipments and GSM operator across the world insists that there are no discernible effects from the RF radiated from base station and mobile phone (Shalangwa et al., 2011). Scientific interest has been kindled by reports that have appeared during the past few years which consistently suggest that biological systems, both in vivo and in vitro, are affected by exposure to field intensities that were formerly thought to be incapable of producing detectable alterations (Taylor and Cheung 1977). But this study will pose us into possible danger that may be result from the use of GSM. Therefore people in Nigeria will not just buy mobile phone but look at the danger it can cause in respect to it specific absorption rate (SAR) of the type of phone. 1.4  Aim and Objectives The aim of the study is to know the effect of radiofrequency of GSM to brain Objectives: To know whether GSM have any effect on the brain To determine the danger GSM can expose our brain to To suggest a possible protection GSM usage To consider the specific absorption rate (SAR) that is permissible by the brain 1.5  Research questions How does brain work? How does the GSM affect the brain? What frequency will make GSM to affect the brain? Under what condition will GSM affect the brain? What can be use to prevent the effect of GSM on brain? What are the effects the GSM have on the brain? What is effect of radio frequency radiation of GSM mobile phone on blood brain barrier? How do the SAR values of phones affect the temperature distribution in the brain?

Initial Public Offering (Ipo) Process

II. Initial Public Offering (IPO) process 1. Procedure The company which is going to issue shares to the publics holds an organizational meeting to reach an agreement in final decision of purpose, size of offering, number and type of shares authorized, also the agreements with company and principal shareholders. Generally, IPO involves one or more investment banks as â€Å"underwriters†. The role of underwriters is very important. They are intermediaries between an issuer of a security and the investing public. There are many forms of underwriting. However, in Vietnam, firm commitment contract and bought deal are popularly used. In these contracts, the underwriters guarantee for all the shares of the organization. The underwriters will buy all the number of shares or the remaining shares after the issuing period. 2. Auction In order to do the auction, the firm must determine the value of new securities, which is based on performance and potentiality assessment from sponsoring organizations, audit firms and consulting organizations to give the most suitable initial price. There are many methods to determine the initial price such as asset accumulation, market value†¦ however DCF( discounted cash flow) and P/E (price earning) are usually used in Vietnam. Both two methods have advantages and disadvantages, so the issuers usually take the average result of two methods to get the highest benefit. After defining the stock price, the company publicizes business’s operation information before the auction session at least 20 days. Investors’ voting by person attendance forms can be received directly by the firm (if the auction held at the enterprise) or intermediary financial institutions (in case of auction in intermediary financial institutions) or the Securities Trading Center / municipal securities transactions and specified agents, voting by mail conforms the auction organizer regulations. The third step is carrying out the auction and determining the results. The organization proceeds auction bills and enter these information into auction software. Then the purchase price is determined basing on the highest to lowest price until reaching the number of shares offered for sale. The number of shares investors can buy in case of equal rate but remaining fewer shares than required is calculated as the following formula: The number of shares nvestors can buy = remaining shares * (number of shares each investor subscribed/ total number of shares registered) After that, reports need to be prepared and send to related parties. The last action is announcing and charging share price. Lastly, the remained shares from the auction are sold to the investors with the agreement of price no less than average auction price (if remained shares are less than 30% of total shares offered) or o be auctioned he second time with a condition that the starting price is not less than the lowest a uction price (if remained shares are more than 30% of total shares offered).

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Autobiography Essay Samples?

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Autobiography Essay Samples? The Fundamentals of Autobiography Essay Samples Revealed In the event you're still lacking the inspiration to compose your memoir, you always have the option to arrive at the writing experts at Custom-Writing. It might be difficult to choose just what to chat about as the essay ought to be based on some impressions one wants to tell about due to some certain reason. Writing one is much less daunting a task as it might seem. Without strong internal motivation, it is practically impossible to develop into successful. Luckily, there are tons of innovative and well-thought-out autobiography samples that are readily available. You need to have all pieces of the test under control before you demonstrate your skills in their entire entirety. It has often being found that autobiography essay is a little expository in nature and in some specific cases could be based on prejudice. An autobiography essay is a controversial bit of writing as on the 1 hand it may appear to be a simple job to do but, on the flip side, it has lots of nuances. Aside from the most important requirements you must follow if you would like to compose an outstanding essay, there are some additional details that are crucial. The primary goal of essay writing services is to aid you with issue and support as you write your paper. The introduction is just one of the main parts since it is the point where the reader receives the very first impression of you. Regardless of the simple fact that you compose a story about yourself, you still must adhere to some requirements and build a superior structure of the essay. Keep in mind, however, that every chapter in the collection isn't directly linked to the others. Guidelines to writing the autobiographical story include a crystal clear and concise approach to a certain component of your life. The ideal thing relating to this outline is you can download it for free and use it as frequently as you want. Putting it all in an outline makes it simpler for you to handle the story from the beginning to the conclusion of the exact same. My life is a little complicated to describe with. At times it is our own self that is more troublesome to comprehend. Your autobiography needs to be logical, and facts about your life ought to be presented in a chronological order. This isn't only a completely free talk about your life. Although autobiographical essays may be an abbreviated overview of a full life, they generally concentrate on a particular accomplishment or experience. There is a plethora of experiences to pick from. Thus, when you plan your au tobiography, make sure to concentrate on events that had significant influence on your life and totally ignore the tidbits. Writing an autobiography for each man is a distinctly individual experience but there are a few topics that are critical to cover. Students often run into the tough job of essay writing an autobiography paper as a portion of their course requirement. When they are asked to complete an essay of this type, they are usually puzzled. While many students may barely compose an essay on a general topic during an academic calendar year, a lot of them find it even more difficult to finish an autobiographical essay as part of their application. This article on the best way to compose an autobiography essay will allow you to finish a flawless and potent paper. Generally speaking, an autobiographical sketch is only an easy essay. Even though it might be considered tough, writing an autobiography essay is intriguing and rewarding not merely for presentation except to discover you in a new light. Writing autobiographical essay demands certain essay abilities. Autobiography Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Take advantage of these themes as frequently as you are able to in order to form a consistent depiction of your story. Reread the timeline and determine whether there are any unnecessary details you will need to remove, or if there are events you should include to create your story make sense. You are able to tell that story employing this template. Opt for the best stories you are able to remember that have influenced you. Here's the thing, however, you do not need to wait till you're old and gray to get starte d writing your autobiography as it's a misconception to feel that autobiographies ought to be written this late in the game. Then there's a Funny side of Autobiographies that can help you in that regard. If you don't understand how to compose an autobiography, the most reasonable decision is to become familiar with the autobiography example. Interesting lives result in good autobiographies. You probably feel that in the event that you are not Bill Gates of Mahatma Gandhi, then you've got nothing to write about, but this isn't correct!

All Things Run Their Course - 1744 Words

All Things Run Their Course Everyone has a different perception of fate, some believe it to be a predetermined path controlled by a higher power; others believe their actions and choices determine the outcome of their lives. In Greek mythology, it is believed that one’s destiny is controlled by three goddesses. Clotho is the spinner of lifelines, Lachesis determines the length of each lifeline and Atropos clips the lifelines, condemning the bearer of the severed thread to death (- Greek Mythology). Charles Dickens manifests his belief in fate in the novel A Tale of Two Cities as an explanation for the inevitability of the French Revolution. The plot of A Tale of Two Cities revolves around the concept that the tension between social†¦show more content†¦All three books are riddled with allusions to fate, including the progression of Madame Defarge’s character. Charles Dickens uses vivid description, personification, symbolism, and character development to illus trate that the French Revolution was carefully orchestrated by fate and caused by strained power dynamics between the french social classes. Dickens uses symbolism to highlight the many attributes including steadfastness, silence, relentlessness, power, and ill-regard that characterize fate, while mentioning it holds power over all and waits for none. The following scene occurs immediately after the death of a peasant infant that is crushed by the carriage wheel of the Marquis: â€Å"...-when the one woman who had stood conspicuous, knitting, still knitted on with the steadfastness of fate. The water of the fountain ran, the swift river ran, the day ran into evening, so much of life in the city ran into death according to rule, time and tide waited for no man, the rats were sleeping close together in their dark holes again, the Fancy Ball was lighted up at supper, all things ran their course.†(-A Tale of Two Cities, book 2, chapter 7, page 117), which emphasizes the role class struggle plays in the fate of France. Dickens uses a fountain in the square of Paris as a symbol of the