Effect of Radiofrequency of GSM Phones on the Brain

Effect of Radiofrequency of GSM Phones on the Brain CHAPTER ONE 1.0  INTRODUCTION There has been growing concern about the possible adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency radiations (RFR), such as those from mobile communication devices. This radiation belongs to the type called non-ionizing radiation the health hazard of which remains debatable (Ayeni et al., 2011). The possible risks of microwaves for the human body has attracted interest since the 1960s (i.e., before the arrival of mobile phones), when radar and microwave ovens posed a possible health problem ( Salford et al., 2003). ( Oscar and Hawkins, 1977) performed early studies on effects of RF EMFs on the blood-brain barrier. They demonstrated that at very low energy levels (less than 10 W/m2),the fields in a restricted exposure window caused a significant leakage of 14C-mannitol, inulin, and also dextran (same molecular weight as albumin) from the capillaries into the surrounding cerebellar brain tissue. A recent in vitro study has shown that EMF at 1.8GHz increase the permeabi lity of the blood-brain barrier to sucrose (Schirmacher et at. 2000). Shivers and colleagues (Shivers et al., 1987 and Prato et al.,1990) examined the effect of magnetic resonance imaging upon the rat brain. They showed that the combined exposure to RF EMFs and pulsed and static magnetic Fields gave rise to a significant pinocytotic transport of albumin from the capillaries into the brain. (Hassel et al., 1994) have shown that autologous albumin injected into the brain tissue of rats leads to damage to neurons at the injection site when the concentration of albumin in the injected solution is at least 25% of that in blood. The voluntary exposure of the brain to microwaves from hand-held mobile phones by one-fourth of the worlds population has been called the largest human biologic experiment ever (Salford et al., 2001). When using mobile phone, electromagnetic wave is transferred to the body which causes health problems especially at the place near ear skull region where they are kn own to affect the neurones. The possible risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) for the human body is a growing concern for our society (Hyland 2000). Most researchers in the field have dwelled on the question of whether RF EMFs may induce or promote cancer growth. Although some have indicated increased risk (Hardell et al., 2002 and Repacholi et al. 1997), most studies, including our own, have shown no effects (Salford et al. 1997a) or even a decreased risk (Adey et al., 1999). The study of (Schà ¶rnborn et al., 1998) showed that the adult human head absorbs 80% of the radiation emitted by a cellular telephone. The extensive use of cellular communication devices is accompanied by public concerns about possible harmful effects on human health as a result of exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation from these devices(Purushothaman et al., 2013). Thermal biological effects of microwave radiation have been investigated both from the experimental and numerical view points(Elwasife 2012). Damaged neurons, as revealed by cresyl violet staining, were found amongst normal neurons in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia., with a maximum incidence around 2%, but in some restricted areas, dominated the picture. Heating and heat exchange have been viewed as measures of essential processes in the brain and other living tissues, and intrinsic thermal energy has been seen as setting an immutable threshold for external stimulation ([Adair, 1994]). 1.1`Background of the study During recent years, GSM mobile phones (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications), the most powerful RF transmitters in our everyday environment, have become widely and increasingly used by the public and to date there is no clear evidence about their possible biological effects(Panagopoulos et al, 2004). A number of recent developments have resulted in renewed interest in and concern among scientists and the general public about the biological effects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation exposure (Cleary 1977). All life on earth is bathed in a sea of natural low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields from conception to death (Adey 2007). In recent times, many people have expressed an interest in learning if the use of cell phones is associated with cancer. Many have heard or read about possible links between cell phones and cancer, but conclusions are rarely definitive ( Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). It is known that the numbers of people that are using mobile phone in the wo rld are increasing daily (As of November 2011, there were more than 6 billion subscriptions worldwide). Thus it is very important for us to look into the possible danger that may be involved in the usage of phone, since it is a device that receive and send signal (information) using antenna by generating and receiving radio frequency wave. And it is known that radio wave is a form of electromagnetic wave (RIVUX G), which of cause have some danger to human body. Further, the human head is one of the most sensitive organs for EM radiation (Purushothaman et al., 2013). A common concern today, since more and more people are using cell phones than ever before, is that cell phone antennas radiate near a person’s head (Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation has been reported to produce a number of biological effects on biomolecules, cells, and whole organisms, including changes in intracellular ionic concentrations, the synthesis rate of differe nt biomolecules, cell proliferation rates, the reproductive capacity of animals, etc (Panagopoulos et al, 2004). Thus the GSM have to be look into to know it effect on the brain. The phone manufacturers have silence on the danger that GSM can cause on the brain but never the less we have to look into the radiation produce from the GSM and known whether it cause any adverse effect on brain. 1.2  Problem statement Radio Frequency (RF) engineers are faced many times with the following two questions: â€Å"What are the effects of radio waves on human health?† and, more specifically, â€Å"What health risks are associated with the use of cell phones, mobile radios, microwave radios, microwave ovens, broadcast radio and television transmitters, power lines and X-rays?( Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). The obvious problem encountered in the establishment of causal relationships for low intensity microwave-induced alterations in biological systems is the lack of physical interaction mechanisms to explain such phenomena (Cleary, 1977). In this mode of operation, a mobile phone may be regarded as a quite powerful radio transmitter. Its emission at the head surface is typically 10,000 times stronger than fields reaching the head of a user standing within 30 m of the base of a typical mobile phone relay transponder mounted on a tower 30m above ground (Adey 2007). Many people in Nigeria does not kno w the danger the GSM can make them to be expose to by just using it. As many that use the phone have complain of headache, loss of memory, weakness and so on. But they still could not understand the possible causes of these disorderliness in their head, thus there is need for us to look into the study matter and see if the GSM have any possible cause to their problem. Studies of the behavioral effects of low intensity microwave and radiofrequency radiation have produced what appear to be rather contradictory or  inconsistent results. (Cleargy, 1977). 1.3  Justification of the study This study will make the people know the danger that GSM phone can cause in their brain and help them know the symptoms of the effect. Public concern has been aroused by the news media in which attention has been drawn to a number of international incidents involving intentional exposure of humans to microwave fields (Brodeur, 1976). So that people will not be blind folded and just base their mind on the positive effects the GSM has, and not considering the adverse effect it can cause to human brain. Although some group like the international commission on non ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) and mobile manufacturer forum (MMF) that manufacturers mobile equipments and GSM operator across the world insists that there are no discernible effects from the RF radiated from base station and mobile phone (Shalangwa et al., 2011). Scientific interest has been kindled by reports that have appeared during the past few years which consistently suggest that biological systems, both in vivo and in vitro, are affected by exposure to field intensities that were formerly thought to be incapable of producing detectable alterations (Taylor and Cheung 1977). But this study will pose us into possible danger that may be result from the use of GSM. Therefore people in Nigeria will not just buy mobile phone but look at the danger it can cause in respect to it specific absorption rate (SAR) of the type of phone. 1.4  Aim and Objectives The aim of the study is to know the effect of radiofrequency of GSM to brain Objectives: To know whether GSM have any effect on the brain To determine the danger GSM can expose our brain to To suggest a possible protection GSM usage To consider the specific absorption rate (SAR) that is permissible by the brain 1.5  Research questions How does brain work? How does the GSM affect the brain? What frequency will make GSM to affect the brain? Under what condition will GSM affect the brain? What can be use to prevent the effect of GSM on brain? What are the effects the GSM have on the brain? What is effect of radio frequency radiation of GSM mobile phone on blood brain barrier? How do the SAR values of phones affect the temperature distribution in the brain?

Initial Public Offering (Ipo) Process

II. Initial Public Offering (IPO) process 1. Procedure The company which is going to issue shares to the publics holds an organizational meeting to reach an agreement in final decision of purpose, size of offering, number and type of shares authorized, also the agreements with company and principal shareholders. Generally, IPO involves one or more investment banks as â€Å"underwriters†. The role of underwriters is very important. They are intermediaries between an issuer of a security and the investing public. There are many forms of underwriting. However, in Vietnam, firm commitment contract and bought deal are popularly used. In these contracts, the underwriters guarantee for all the shares of the organization. The underwriters will buy all the number of shares or the remaining shares after the issuing period. 2. Auction In order to do the auction, the firm must determine the value of new securities, which is based on performance and potentiality assessment from sponsoring organizations, audit firms and consulting organizations to give the most suitable initial price. There are many methods to determine the initial price such as asset accumulation, market value†¦ however DCF( discounted cash flow) and P/E (price earning) are usually used in Vietnam. Both two methods have advantages and disadvantages, so the issuers usually take the average result of two methods to get the highest benefit. After defining the stock price, the company publicizes business’s operation information before the auction session at least 20 days. Investors’ voting by person attendance forms can be received directly by the firm (if the auction held at the enterprise) or intermediary financial institutions (in case of auction in intermediary financial institutions) or the Securities Trading Center / municipal securities transactions and specified agents, voting by mail conforms the auction organizer regulations. The third step is carrying out the auction and determining the results. The organization proceeds auction bills and enter these information into auction software. Then the purchase price is determined basing on the highest to lowest price until reaching the number of shares offered for sale. The number of shares investors can buy in case of equal rate but remaining fewer shares than required is calculated as the following formula: The number of shares nvestors can buy = remaining shares * (number of shares each investor subscribed/ total number of shares registered) After that, reports need to be prepared and send to related parties. The last action is announcing and charging share price. Lastly, the remained shares from the auction are sold to the investors with the agreement of price no less than average auction price (if remained shares are less than 30% of total shares offered) or o be auctioned he second time with a condition that the starting price is not less than the lowest a uction price (if remained shares are more than 30% of total shares offered).

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Autobiography Essay Samples?

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Autobiography Essay Samples? The Fundamentals of Autobiography Essay Samples Revealed In the event you're still lacking the inspiration to compose your memoir, you always have the option to arrive at the writing experts at Custom-Writing. It might be difficult to choose just what to chat about as the essay ought to be based on some impressions one wants to tell about due to some certain reason. Writing one is much less daunting a task as it might seem. Without strong internal motivation, it is practically impossible to develop into successful. Luckily, there are tons of innovative and well-thought-out autobiography samples that are readily available. You need to have all pieces of the test under control before you demonstrate your skills in their entire entirety. It has often being found that autobiography essay is a little expository in nature and in some specific cases could be based on prejudice. An autobiography essay is a controversial bit of writing as on the 1 hand it may appear to be a simple job to do but, on the flip side, it has lots of nuances. Aside from the most important requirements you must follow if you would like to compose an outstanding essay, there are some additional details that are crucial. The primary goal of essay writing services is to aid you with issue and support as you write your paper. The introduction is just one of the main parts since it is the point where the reader receives the very first impression of you. Regardless of the simple fact that you compose a story about yourself, you still must adhere to some requirements and build a superior structure of the essay. Keep in mind, however, that every chapter in the collection isn't directly linked to the others. Guidelines to writing the autobiographical story include a crystal clear and concise approach to a certain component of your life. The ideal thing relating to this outline is you can download it for free and use it as frequently as you want. Putting it all in an outline makes it simpler for you to handle the story from the beginning to the conclusion of the exact same. My life is a little complicated to describe with. At times it is our own self that is more troublesome to comprehend. Your autobiography needs to be logical, and facts about your life ought to be presented in a chronological order. This isn't only a completely free talk about your life. Although autobiographical essays may be an abbreviated overview of a full life, they generally concentrate on a particular accomplishment or experience. There is a plethora of experiences to pick from. Thus, when you plan your au tobiography, make sure to concentrate on events that had significant influence on your life and totally ignore the tidbits. Writing an autobiography for each man is a distinctly individual experience but there are a few topics that are critical to cover. Students often run into the tough job of essay writing an autobiography paper as a portion of their course requirement. When they are asked to complete an essay of this type, they are usually puzzled. While many students may barely compose an essay on a general topic during an academic calendar year, a lot of them find it even more difficult to finish an autobiographical essay as part of their application. This article on the best way to compose an autobiography essay will allow you to finish a flawless and potent paper. Generally speaking, an autobiographical sketch is only an easy essay. Even though it might be considered tough, writing an autobiography essay is intriguing and rewarding not merely for presentation except to discover you in a new light. Writing autobiographical essay demands certain essay abilities. Autobiography Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Take advantage of these themes as frequently as you are able to in order to form a consistent depiction of your story. Reread the timeline and determine whether there are any unnecessary details you will need to remove, or if there are events you should include to create your story make sense. You are able to tell that story employing this template. Opt for the best stories you are able to remember that have influenced you. Here's the thing, however, you do not need to wait till you're old and gray to get starte d writing your autobiography as it's a misconception to feel that autobiographies ought to be written this late in the game. Then there's a Funny side of Autobiographies that can help you in that regard. If you don't understand how to compose an autobiography, the most reasonable decision is to become familiar with the autobiography example. Interesting lives result in good autobiographies. You probably feel that in the event that you are not Bill Gates of Mahatma Gandhi, then you've got nothing to write about, but this isn't correct!

All Things Run Their Course - 1744 Words

All Things Run Their Course Everyone has a different perception of fate, some believe it to be a predetermined path controlled by a higher power; others believe their actions and choices determine the outcome of their lives. In Greek mythology, it is believed that one’s destiny is controlled by three goddesses. Clotho is the spinner of lifelines, Lachesis determines the length of each lifeline and Atropos clips the lifelines, condemning the bearer of the severed thread to death (- Greek Mythology). Charles Dickens manifests his belief in fate in the novel A Tale of Two Cities as an explanation for the inevitability of the French Revolution. The plot of A Tale of Two Cities revolves around the concept that the tension between social†¦show more content†¦All three books are riddled with allusions to fate, including the progression of Madame Defarge’s character. Charles Dickens uses vivid description, personification, symbolism, and character development to illus trate that the French Revolution was carefully orchestrated by fate and caused by strained power dynamics between the french social classes. Dickens uses symbolism to highlight the many attributes including steadfastness, silence, relentlessness, power, and ill-regard that characterize fate, while mentioning it holds power over all and waits for none. The following scene occurs immediately after the death of a peasant infant that is crushed by the carriage wheel of the Marquis: â€Å"...-when the one woman who had stood conspicuous, knitting, still knitted on with the steadfastness of fate. The water of the fountain ran, the swift river ran, the day ran into evening, so much of life in the city ran into death according to rule, time and tide waited for no man, the rats were sleeping close together in their dark holes again, the Fancy Ball was lighted up at supper, all things ran their course.†(-A Tale of Two Cities, book 2, chapter 7, page 117), which emphasizes the role class struggle plays in the fate of France. Dickens uses a fountain in the square of Paris as a symbol of the

Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay - 1723 Words

Abstract— This paper discusses the potential of using technologies in the diagnosis, study and intervention treatments of autism. The first part of paper introduces background information on autism spectrum disorder. The second part deals with review of literature survey. The third part summarizes our proposed research work on the connected topic. The fourth part concludes our work as whole. Keywords— autism, discrete trail training, applied behaviour analysis, voice output communication aids I. INTRODUCTION The present paper addresses various innovative assistive technology used in diagnosis and treatment of pervasive developmental disorders such as autism. Autism is a developmental disability that is usually noticeable the present†¦show more content†¦They have designed two applications to assist a group interact with autistic kids. The first tool called CareLog, which is a portable application for recording behavioral information in familiar location that allows caretakers and teachers to grasp moments on tape. Children’s with autism may show signs of certain behaviors that might be troublesome or dangerous to themselves or others. To understand the cause of these behaviors they have introduced a new mechanism called Function Behavior Assessment (FBA). Generally caregivers note down behavioral incident of a child with autism for few weeks, later these data is analyzed by behavioral specialist to determine the behavior function. But incident might occur at unpredicted times and place, so caregivers may feel difficult to note down these behavior. To help caregivers document and analyze unpredictable incidents, a prototype model is designed by Julie A. Kientz their colleagues called CareLog. For detecting the self-stimulatory behaviors of autistic child they have used wireless body worn sensors. Caregivers provided with a wireless key to activate archiving. Abaris is another tool designed to support Discrete Trail Training (DTT) therapists. Using this tool therapist can produce graphs and correlate them with data sheets without human interventions. Here therapist provided with an Anoto digital pen to capture data. By means of this tool, therapists can point out inaccuracies and problemShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism2594 Words   |  11 Pa gesAutism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition that is classified by a triad of impairments. These impairments are in communication, socialization, and repetitive patterns of behavior (Wolf, 2004). Autism affects about 1% of the current population (Shishido, Branko, Norio, 2013). This disorder seems like a common diagnosis in the current day in age but the disorder was only discovered around sixty years ago. The two founding researchers that discovered the disorder are KannerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1827 Words   |  8 Pagesin the United States had one or more developmental disorders in 2006-2008. This can affect the person mentally, physically, emotionally, or a combination of the three. These range from something as simple as a speech delay to something as complex as cerebral palsy. One of these developmental disorders is autism. Autism can cause social, communication, and behavioral challenges. One in 68 children are affected by aut ism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is 4.5 times more common in boys. One in forty-twoRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesconventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasingly prevalent in society and in the media. While the exact numbers vary from country to country, according to Lai (2014), 1% of the general population is diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society, specifically the educationalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder affects various aspects of an autistic child’s life. Many children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder every year, while others go undiagnosed for an extended time, or even for their whole life. A child exhibiting delays in language benchmarks or showing little interest in the surroundings should be examined for possible ASD. Language is often impaired and although the level of impairment can range from severe too unnoticeable in each child, a child is likely toRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 Pagesboys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the 2013 publication of DSM-5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosisRead MoreAutism And Autism Spectrum Disorder1267 Words   |  6 Pages and the way he interacted with others, spoke to me on a profound level. I know autism when I see it. For those not familiar with autism, Autism Speaks, the world’s leading autism science and advocacy organization, defines autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees (hence, a â€Å"Spectrum† that includes both low- and high-functioning individuals), by difficulties in socialRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1401 Words   |  6 PagesIn America about one out of 88 children have autism spectrum disorder and about 36,500 in four million children are born with autism. Currently approximately 1.5 million adults are living with autism in the United States. The autistic brain is a complicated phenomenon, which has required many years of research in the biomedical field by institutes, organizations, and the government to comprehend the disorder. Depending on the severity of the disorder – low functionin g or high functioning – and theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages Autism and Asperger’s are two syndromes that are now looked as being part of the ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Asperger’s is on the high functioning end while Autism is on the low functioning end. Before the ‘autism spectrum’ was created, in nineteen forty-three and nineteen forty-four, a psychiatrist named Leo Kanner and German scientist named Hans Asperger discovered Autism and Asperger’s. Their research included looking at cases of children who were different and had qualities of aloneness, obsessiveness

Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan) Free Essays

Percy Jackson The Titans Curse In this Percy Jackson and the Olympians book, it starts out when Thalia daughter of Zeus, Annabeth daughter or Athena, and Percy son of Poseidon set out to help Grover who found two really power full half bloods escort them back to camp have blood. But then they run into trouble when this really power monster shows up that works for Cronus try’s to take Bianca and Nico the two really powerful other half bloods. Before there group was about to be defeated Artemis goddess of the hunt and the moon sun of Apollo shows up and rescues them with her huntresses. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also Annabeth saved them but in the process she falls off the cliff and they could not find her, little do they no that she was really just captured by Luke and Cronus, Bianca joined the hunt with Artemis and left Nico at camp half blood to train to become stronger. Artemis left her huntresses to go find the one monster that could destroy Olympus, while trying to find the monster she was captured by Cronus and needs to be rescued before the winter solstice so that she can convince the council that they need to go to war to prevent the titans rise. So a quest was given to Zoe who was the leader of the huntresses that they should go save Artemis before the winter solstice and when she went to go consult the Delphi Oracle it said â€Å"five shall go west hunters and campers combined will not fail one shall be lost in the land without rain and another shall parish by a parents hand. † So since Zoe was the quest leader she got to choose who goes with her, she chose three hunters and two campers but one of the hunters got sick so she couldn’t go so only four of them left for the quest Zoe Bianca, Thalia and Grover but then Percy wanted to go save Annabeth so he snuck off to save her. He ends up meeting up with and saves them from the monster that tries to kill them early. When the got to New Mexico (which is a land with out rain) they go into the gods junk yard and this giant mechanical robot thing comes to life and then Bianca jumped into the robot and defeated it but she was lost and could not be found. They had to go all the way from camp half blood which is right out side New York all the way to California. When they finally go to California the had to go up the mountain of the titans so it is really dangerous also the general is back which is cronus’s number one warrior you no the guy who holds up the sky atlas. When they get up there they see Annabeth laying on the ground over where you hold up the sky and Artemis holding up the sky they also see Luke and Atlas and an army behind them Percy Jackson did the naturally stupid thing and charged Atlas but cause of this curse that was put on Percy his weapon riptide failed him and so he ran over to where Artemis was holding up the sky and took the sky for her so that she could fight Atlas, While that was happening Thalia was fighting Luke after he was defeated by her, he tried to jump at her but her reflexes was to fast and she kicked him off the cliff with was like a 30 foot drop so he should have died but didn’t when Artemis was fighting Atlas she was defeated and before she was about to get seriously hurt Zoe jumped in the way and saved her, which gave Artemis enough time to get up and ready to fight again. In the mean time Zoe was seriously hurt and was about to die and everyone else was about to get defeated but then Artemis kicked Atlas under the sky again and so Percy jumped out of the way and so Atlas was stuck once again under the sky, but there was still a giant army that was surrounding them but out of no where Annabeth’s dad which owned a plane came out and started shooting all the monsters with Celtic bronze bullets which gave Artemis enough time to call down a chariot and so they jumped in to get away. Zoe was still really injured and on her death bed. She ends up dieing and then they find out that Atlas was Zoe’s dad so she perished by a parents hand. When they get back to camp half blood Nico found out his sister died so he got really angry and ran off which on his way finds out he is the son of Hades. Up on mount Olympus on the winter solstice they end up finding the monster which was a harmless cow sea serpent and so if you sacrifice a harmless monster you g ain the power to over throw the gods, Artemis convinces the gods that they need to go to war with the titans. How to cite Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan), Papers

Ethics in Retail Industry free essay sample

The study also encompasses how organizations ensure best ethical practices and whether a socially responsible retailer gains competitive advantage and profitability through its ethical practices. 25 December 2012 00:27 Methodology: Studying on above mentioned issues can be started from reasoning with how ethics and social responsibility impacted the organizational strategies recently. A brief study of the retail organizations, known as ‘ethical’, reveals how the organizations are pressurized to create such ethically sustainable image for its customers. Studying various examples, the factors, influencing the ethical practices of an organization, can be related to find out what it takes to be defined as a socially responsible retailer. Finally the inter-relationship of profitability and ethical practices can be established to conclude the performance of retailing industry in terms of ethics and social responsibility. The approaches on ethical practices of certain organization can be accessed from the cases studies on these retail industries. The influential factors can be identified from the common trends in these approaches and a conclusive story through customer perceptions can be drawn by direct consumer contact and personal interviews. As a cornerstone of any organization and individual while interacting with various stakeholders, inside a retailing industry certain standards are followed to guide the decision making moments. The scope of the article includes study of these practices from ethical point of view, taking examples from giant retail chains and also study of ethical perceptions of the sales-force in retailing industry. The study also encompasses how organizations ensure best ethical practices and whether a socially responsible retailer gains competitive advantage and profitability through its ethical practices. *Methodology:* [Quoted text hidden] 2 of 2 31/01/2013 10:37 PM Executive Summary: As a cornerstone of any organization and individual while interacting with various stakeholders, inside a retailing industry certain standards are followed to guide the decision making moments. This article includes study of these practices from ethical point of view, taking examples from giant retail chains and also study of ethical perceptions of the sales-force in retailing industry. The study also encompasses how organizations ensure best ethical practices and whether a socially responsible retailer gains competitive advantage and profitability through its ethical practices. Various issues that may arise from ethically troubled situation where retail sales people may find themselves in ethical dilemma are discussed in different frame of references. Typically common unethical practices in the retail industry such as exploitation of workers, overemphasis on profitable products, unethically fixing prices on products, unethical issues of promotional campaign and their negative effects on consumer mindset are discussed in detail. Afterwards unethical practices in green retailing, the latest buzz of the retail industry in India are also discussed with examples from international retail chains. Through considerable studies it has been found that for retailers there are two types of ethical code in practice: explicit and implicit. Explicit code of ethical practices specifies written norms that retailers follow to operate under. Implicit code is defined as the set of unwritten but well-understood rules/standards of moral responsibilities. In retailing environment Sales people interact with individuals from outside the store, customers and as well as members from within their organization. The individuals with whom they interact may have certain disparate needs and problems that salespeople might satisfy to resolve. Because these individuals want the sales people to help foster their own need, satisfaction or problem, the demands communicated to the sales people by them are likely to be diverse and often incompatible. Consequently retail sales personnel often face ethical dilemmas when torn between short run pressures from management i. e. to achieve sales quota and long run goals of achieving customer confidence and goodwill. Secondly the environment that the retail personnel operates in is conducive for the development of ethical problems because of the variety of task they performs 3 hich can place them in uncomfortable situations that might be expediently addressed using questionable behavior i. e. handling customer return or exchange. Further studies have shown that normally retail sales personnel receive little formalized sales training and as a result they have not been effectively educated about how the company would like them to act in these ethically troubling situations. Managers in r etail industry should be concerned about these situations faced by retail sales people as inability to handle such situation results in lowering job performance, dissatisfying customer etc. Types of Ethical Problems in Retail Sector: There are numerous types of situations where ethical issues can be occurred in retail industry. From the diverse people that retail sales people interact including customers, peer and management anyone can endanger the ethical norms of the situation. Using these three groups of people as frame of reference ethical problems can be categorized in three broad areas; customer, peers and work related situations. Customer related situations may include those situations that entail involvement with customer and have direct impact upon customers. For example failing to assist customers or intentionally giving them incorrect change. Peer related situations involve peer from non-work groups and fellow employees also. For example offering or being pressured to give a friend or employee a discount. Work related situations include circumstances that may be precipitated by company operating procedures, practices that are fostered by work environment. For example failing to obtain a check authorization, selling a product as exclusive when it is not could be included in unethical practices. Common unethical practices in Retail Marketing.